Is a beta ti ls golf ball pga legal

But of course at some point there is the law of diminishing returns and too heavy could slow my swing speed down. My driver SS is around mph. MEMORIAL TOURNAMENT SIGNED GOLF FLAG SPIETH JACK NICKLAUS AUTOGRAPH PGA K4 · Balls Beta Ti LS Golf Ball Autograph Auto PSA/DNA Legal. Privacy Notice. Beta rich LFS Ti clubface: a new lighter, faster face material for improved ball speeds from across the face. Price: £ Mizuno ST Max The titanium gives the the LS an extremely hot face — Adams says it has a spring-like effect that is near the USGA's legal limit an an is a beta ti ls golf ball pga legal low center of.

What’s In The Bag: Bryson DeChambeau

This is an excellent iron with a very low center of gravity and a higher moment of inertia. I had personally hit this iron before it was measured and I was pleasantly surprised at how easy it was to hit. Prior to this I had hit the Silver Scot and found it very difficult to hit solid with any consistency.

We do not use the published loft specifications when measuring MPF. We actually measure it exactly on precision equipment and publish it in ourMPF listings. Manufacturing tolerances are usually plus or minus 1 degree but are based on a standard bell curve which means that most of the lofts will be at the specification. We only use a sample of one head but in top quality equipment this is usually very accurate.

With all this being said: It is a very common practice in top grade golf clubs to make the lofts different from the published lofts. If they do this, manufacturers will usually tend to decrease the lofts on their irons and increase the lofts on their drivers. They do this to make their irons hit farther than their competitors.

Regarding drivers they must feel that golfers will not accept the fact that higher launch with the newer balls will go farther. Golfers still order more 9. Obviously, I do not believe in this and would never do it. I do not know Pings position, but this is the first time we have had a discrepancy on their irons.

Keep in mind that there are any number of other things that could have caused this on our 1 sample measured iron head. I have two Callaway irons listed for actually one of them might be Callaway always puts the center of gravity in the middle of the face except for their forged tour models such as the X Tour de-signed for Phil Mickleson. Also the X Tour is slightly toward the heel.

The X Forged is in the middle. However these three irons are not as high in playability MPF as all their other irons. It is probably the fact that the lie is too upright for you as you mentioned. Is a beta ti ls golf ball pga legal Yes, the Gliders can be adjusted for loft and lie by at least 2 degrees in either direction upright or flat. We tested the Gliders with many players during the initial design phase and never found anyone who consistently hit them left or right for that matter.

Use the lie fitting board method to check for lie. If you do not know how to do this, send me back a question and I will explain it. This lowers theMOI but worse than that it simultaneously raises the center of gravity and moves it toward the heel. This lowers the MPF or playability factor of the head.

This is why it is important to not make the hosel too long in the iron design and to make sure the casting or forging house hits the head weights correctly. What higher numberMPF ratings are basically saying is that you will consistently hit the ball more solid resulting in greater distance more often with higher playability iron head designs because they are more forgiving.

Finally, I personally like the KE4 Tour and the Rifle shaft is also a good choice for a top quality shaft. I was surprised that I missed this one. I will definitely put it on the list and add it next time. I guess too many irons and too little time, who knows. I can only assume the XPC is somewhere in there also but this is a big assumption to make without actually measuring it.

Always demo before you buy and be sure to compare shafts as this is also an important part of the comparison. Hopefully you can demo this shaft in the KE4. If it is not available, ask the club guy in the store to make up a 6 iron demo. Show him or her a copy of this response they would most likely do it anyway but I like to feel important.

Let me know what you do. It is probably the advertising that says it is designed for the high handicapper because the actual mass and dimensional properties are what they are. I would hope that you get a chance to demo both the Adams and the Callaway irons you are interested in before buying them. Most Adams irons are in the Game Improvement category and play fine.

They just do not build anything in the extremely high playability categories that I have measured so far. Callaway specializes in the very high playability categories and is a main reason for their great success. Because MPF simply tells you how easy a certain club head design is to hit, you need to also pay attention to many other aspects of the club including proper fitting.

Some of the club design areas to pay particular attention to are the shaft, club length, lofts and sole bounce. And, as I said, pay attention to all the fitting variables. We do use the temporary driver MPF calculations to rate only our drivers in our catalog. The problem with drivers is that they hit a teed up ball and therefore have a much greater vertical range of impact than any other club.

There are also a couple other problems to work out through more lab work and golfer testing. I am going to release each MPF method by golf club category as the books come out. The one I intended to release this fall was wedges, but a couple other projects have put this a little behind. Putters should come out next year followed by FairwayMetals and Hybrids.

Both play very well but I always prefer the MTF mainly because of the head shape personal preference. Hopefully, the MPF ratings for the latest irons will be up on this site very shortly. Kenny, the Slingshot is points and the OSS is points. Keep in mind that this rating is not telling you that these irons are in any way bad.

As a matter of fact as a better player, I hit them very well. What it is telling you, is if you do not have the ability to hit the ball consistently in the heel area and you hit it in a larger area or toward the toe when you miss hit it, that a higher MPF rated iron with the center of gravity in the middle of the face will be more forgiving and easier to play with.

You are correct and that is why I developed the Maltby Playability Factor ratings. Most all golfers need some help in picking out clubs that are easier to hit and more forgiving. I have written before about the fact that many golfers run out and buy the latest club that just won on tour the previous Sunday.

Regardless of what the tour pro is playing, we non tour golfers will never be able to hit the ball the way they do. Hopefully every golfer would get the chance to go to a tour event and actually see live how they can hit the ball. It seems almost amazing.

Television does not do it justice. It was renamed this year and its older designation was the Maltby M These are true forged irons and not form forged. It sounds like you and I are similar in age, swing speed and distance, only I hit it very straight. Order only the 6 iron in your specs we build it or you can build it. Hit it and compare to your old clubs to see if you really like it.

You can also hit it at your nearest Golf Galaxy store. This shaft hits it very straight. Brian harman nationality There are a number of other great clubs out there but when you limit me to forged, I recommend our models. They were not taken off the list. The MPF listing on this site is the newest clubs since my book was published. I am going to put the MPF listings from the book on this site also, just have not done it yet.

Hopefully in the next couple weeks. Consider the playability the same on these two irons as the points are too close for anyone to see a difference. They just happen to fall on either side of two different categories. Offset gives the club head a little more time to square itself coming into impact.

So, yes it could contribute very slightly to a tendency for draw shots or possibly to hit the ball straighter or even help to lessen a slice tendency. With that said, changing to less offset will not cure a hook or even a serious draw. Offset is a very minor factor in this regard.

The biggest culprit regarding irons talking equipment only here is the golf shaft. The caution here is that the shaft has to be pretty bad of a fit for your swing to cause a hook. If the hook tendency is with all your clubs then I would look at your swing, if not, look at the shaft. The Maltby Playability Factor does not actually use the offset amount in its calculation.

You ask a very good question and it would be beneficial to all golfers to discuss it. It does not take into account the fitting factor such as the proper shaft, proper club length, proper lie angle, proper swingweight, proper grip size and so on. It also does not take into account certain iron head specifications such as sole bounce angle, sole grind, leading edge grind, loft angle, hosel offset and face progression.

So,MPF is designed to put you into the category of playability that will help you the most or more importantly, keep you from making a mistake and playing irons that are too low in playability for your skill level. A good point to bring up here is that there are many tour players on all the different tours that play with the highest playability category irons.

They have adjusted or selected specifications and components that match their games and provide the best results. There are also a few tour players getting less every day who still play with very low playability blade type irons. They simply cannot look at anything that is not completely traditional.

You need to demo each of the three irons to see how all the other specifications of that iron fit into your game and swing. Obviously, the shaft is one of the big factors here. Actually hitting them allows the golfer to pick the best performing and best feeling most solid hitting iron.

Since no one can really look at any iron and determine its actual playability factor, MPF was developed to overcome the sometimes exaggerated and misleading marketing claims and to quantify through actual numbers the playability of that head design. With that said, if you were the type of person who mostly hit the ball low on the club face and had a sweeping type swing vs.

The moment of inertia, while important, is not nearly as important in an iron as it is in a wood club and also the putter. Is a beta ti ls golf ball pga legal I actually apply much less weight to the MOI numbers for irons and more weight for the center of gravity location away from the hosel and lower in the head.

Funny you asked this question at this time. I have always for the last 12 years started my set with a 5 iron. I just recently decided to experiment and put in a Trouble Out 11 fairway metal in my bag and remove the 5 iron. Brian, the point of all this is to use the set make up that works the best for YOU.

If that means you can play better and score better starting with a 7 iron in your set, go for it. If, on the other hand you are more consistent and simply hit your irons the best, then stick with your irons. Whatever gets the job done. Thankfully, things have changed today and we can play with whatever clubs we want and with any set make up we want as long as we play better and more importantly, enjoy this great game even more.

Then the 4 wood slowly went out of favor and all but disappeared from to today. There has been some resurrection of it lately in metal but it now has specs similar to an older 3 wood. So, you are basically correct in assuming a modern 5 fairway metal has very similar specs to the older 4 wood. I do not have the latest Adams clubs as yet. There is nothing wrong with playing the iron hybrids hollow in the short irons.

The short irons in hybrids have very little advantage, if any, over the more conventional short irons. A number of golfers do not like the look of hybrid short irons, but some like the look. The reason it comes down to personal preference is that the short irons have a lot of loft and do not compress the ball very much applies less force thus making the mass and dimensional properties of the clubhead less important than on the mid irons and long irons.

I play the Glider-X irons which are basically hybrid irons that are not hollow and I really like them even though they look a little weird. So, all of this to tell you that the hybrids really shine in replacing the longer hitting clubs. It gets a little muddy sometimes on the hybrid types but here is a general rule.

The iron hybrids generally have an iron shaped face and the fairway metal hybrids have a face shaped like a shallow fairway metal. The iron hybrids are generally not painted finishes, but some are. The fairway metal hybrids are mostly all painted finishes. They can both be designed to play very easy. The main thing to consider for your wife or for that matter everyone who uses hybrids is to use a hybrid designed shaft or a shaft designed for fairway metals or drivers.

Do not use an iron shaft as they are too stiff and defeat the purpose of a hybrid. A number of iron hybrids use iron shafts and are designed to iron lengths. This can work very well, but I almost always recommend the fairway shaped hybrids because they usually more favor the playability of fairway metals.

OK, I am probably confusing you a little, so here goes for a hybrid your wife will really like. Pick a fairway shaped hybrid with a minimum of 22 degrees I like 24 degrees and put a standard flex ladies L shaft in it not a hybrid shaft. Be sure to fit her for proper grip size as many women play with too large a grip. See what happens when you ask me for advice; I have plenty of it.

Let me know how this works for her. I also really like the Fusion irons because they are very easy to hit and they work. With that said, I would not recommend buying the SWand 60 degree wedge in the wide sole Fusion model. First of all they are not great looking because with a through bore design on the wedges you cannot grind the lower portion of the hosel correctly to make a smooth transition or blend into the face heel area.

Secondly, they are too long a blade length to make the best wedge in my opinion. Third, they are offset and again in my opinion this does not make the best playability in a wedge. You do not need a high MPF rating in the very short clubs and the wedges in particular because you do not compress the ball nearly as much as you do with the mid and longer clubs.

What you personally need to do is evaluate how well you hit your wedges in general. The Callaway X Tour wedges are great if you are a really good wedge player because they have their leading edges close to the ground narrower sole widths so better players can hit more varied and difficult shots with them.

They are also relatively narrow in the heel area for this same purpose like chipping from very tight lies. The easiest to hit wedges for average golfers are ones with wider soles. Yes, this is the one good feature on the Fusion wedges. To help you with wedges, read both of my articles on this site to help you out.

Try the new wider sole sand wedges for pitching, chipping and sand, I think you will be surprised at how easy they are to play. Also, I am hoping that more is better than less in the articles, but I do understand what you are saying. We re-groove clubs all the time at the GolfWorks that have worn out grooves.

With that said, most golfers do not hit enough shots to wear out the grooves. If you are obsessed with practicing sand shots day in and day out, then yes they are probably shot. Tour pros can actually recess the face slightly and consequently shallow out the grooves on their wedges.

To check: Get a magnifying glass and look at the amount of radius on the upper edge of the groove only the edge facing toward the top line. Do this on the 3rd or 4th groove up from the sole and compare it to the upper edge radius at one of the more unused top grooves.

If it looks more radiused, it is worn out. Thanks for the nice comments. The Mac Daddy grooves are simply made more aggressive by reducing the groove edge radius where the groove intersects the face. If the proposed USGA groove rules ever go into effect, they will be requiring a minimum radius on the groove edges which will eliminate or reduce the aggressive bite.

In the old days of forgings, the soles were flat from front to back and not curved very much from toe to heel. The tour players soon found out that some special grinding on the sole would help the irons enter and come out of the ground better. So, 4 way camber was invented where more radius was added by grinding in both directions on the sole but mostly from the front to the back of the sole.

This had the effect of reducing digging and actually added a bounce tendency. Also, another part of this grind was to roll the leading edge more thus making it far less sharp. This rolling of the leading edge was ground in a way so it favored having more metal removed from the sole area than the face.

This type of grind when rolling the leading edge helped to straighten the look of the leading edge even though the toe to heel sole radius had been increased in the 4 way roll. The tradeoff with wedge sole widths and leading edge heights effective bounce is simply how many different type shots do you want to hit. For example: I use the 1. I can even make it work exceptionally well from firm bunkers.

This type wedge requires that if I open the club face say 10 degrees, the ball needs to be sitting up in the grass. So, I mostly play it square to a maximum of 5 degrees open. The advantage to me is that I am very consistent with chips, pitches and sand shots and rarely if ever hit a fat shot because it is very difficult to get the leading edge to dig.

The CER wedges have a very good trait that is not found on a whole lot of modern wedges and that is the sole width is basically the same from face center to the heel. The Cleveland CG11 wedge also has this trait. I like to recommend the CER oil soaked and the CG11 to golfers that do not want to play wide sole wedges. This type sole design keeps the leading edge height higher than a tapered sole width.

The lower you get the leading edge height in the heel area, the more skill that is required to eliminate sticking it into the ground or even digging more into the sand. Yes I do. Take a normal iron stance square to the target and not open. You can open the stance slightly if you are more comfortable, but square is best. Next, use your normal swing path on the takeaway. Do not try to pry the club up on the back swing quick wrist cock and do not try to take the club away on an outside path on the back swing.

From firm sand, any wedge with over a 1" sole width requires that you basically keep the club face square to the target and do not roll it open. Play the ball near the middle of your stance and not too far forward. This keeps the club face closer to the bottom of your swing arc.

Give this a try, it works for me and I only play the wider sole wedges. My recommendation really needs to center around your current skill level and how tricky you need to get with your wedge shot making. If you are inconsistent when chipping and pitching or if you sometimes hit it fat and then a little skinny; I would definitely go with the 1.

This wedge will work well from tight lies, but you will not be able to roll the face open more than 10 degrees. From bunkers you can roll the face open as far as 15 degrees, if necessary. This sole width makes it very hard to hit fat shots and makes it very easy to get the ball consistently out of bunkers.

From full or partial wedge shots from tight lies on the fairway, the 1. There are some additional shots like the flop shot that can be hit with these wedges and you can roll the faces more open for other special shots. However, the tradeoff is that they are more difficult to play meaning they require a higher skill level.

The so-called set wedges are designed for the job, but they are only one choice for every golfer who buys the set. The specialty wedge makers tend to give us the classic shapes or some unique special purpose shapes. We also have available special tour grinds, bounce angles, wider soles and a choice of finishes. So, we have a lot more options. With all that said, my preference is in most cases to have the pitching wedge be the same as the clubs in my iron set.

I prefer to specifically pick out my sand wedge or lob wedge to fit my game, my eye and the playing conditions I mostly encounter. Gap wedges can go either way. I am not a big gap wedge fan anyway. This is not a hard shot to learn to hit. The bounce on the Sand Slider is 4 degrees and the bounce on the Lob Slider is 3 degrees.

These four variables will determine how high the leading edge sits off the ground and how far back from the face the sole will strike the ground. We do this all the time, no problem. The main thing to keep in mind is the head weight of the putter which we determine by simply using a swingweight scale. Do this: check and write down the swingweight of your current length putter.

Now determine the correct length for you Golf Galaxy can do this for you if there is one near you or see your local golf professional. You do not want the swingweight to be lower than C-8 after the putter is shortened. If it ended up below C-8, simply put lead tape on the sole equally about the face center to bring up the head weight.

I like putting the tape on the bottom because you will never see it when putting. Also, with lead tape on your putter you will look like a tour pro. While there are a number of things that can affect good distance control or speed control I find that one of the biggest culprits is a deceleration of the putter head coming into impact. The putter must accelerate to provide any consistency of distance.

Try this: Put three or four balls down about 20 feet from the hole on a relatively straight putt. This forces you to take it back and accelerate on each putt because the back stroke is too short to generate distance on its own. Concentrate and do this for a few minutes to get the feel of accelerating the putter head.

Now go back to a normal stroke and once again concentrate on accelerating the head. Since, I cannot actually see you putt or the equipment you are putting with I am at a huge disadvantage here. I only mention the above solution since I run into it all the time when fitting someone to a putter. So, this may not be your problem at all but I would guess that it will help you and maybe someone else out there.

I know you have heard this before, but a look at your stroke by a PGA professional could solve your problem the quickest. This holds especially true for the tour players. Very rarely do they try low lofted putters. I have worked with a number of tour pros over the years with putters and I have never found even one of them who putts better with lofts less than 3 degrees.

Most tour pros prefer 4 degrees of loft. The tour pros want to roll the ball with consistency and as smooth a roll as possible. This means that they must keep the ball from 59 initially bouncing when they putt it. To do this they must lift the golf ball out of its depression from sitting on the green.

Putting the ball through the depression without lifting it will cause it to bounce to some degree and this bouncing causes inconsistent distance control. Keep in mind that some golfers and tour pros place their hands ahead of the ball at impact and some have their hands behind the ball at impact. In this case I will change the putter to a 6 degree built in loft putter so it has 4 degrees of loft at impact.

However, I do not recommend using a forward press at impact or hands behind the ball setup. It is absolutely best to learn a proper stroke and hit the putt with the shaft vertical at impact. They will go through the five important putter fitting variables and fit you properly to each one. This is a fun experience because most golfers are surprised at how poorly their current putter fits them.

Also, be sure and take your current putter along with you. There may be no reason at all to buy a new putter, but simply get yours fit better to you. The Ignite is a very good putter. Yes, any club fitter can fit this putter to you regarding the correct length, lie, loft and swingweight. I have very sophisticated putting robots and high speed video cameras and programs to calculate impacts and everything else.

I can tell you this; if you personally come up with any putter design you like and also come up with the technical approach you are going to pursue in your promotion, I will find a way through sophisticated and believable testing to substantiate your theory and support your marketing approach.

The reason is that you want the most repeatable distance control that you can get. There are a number of factors that help to do this. One is adequate putter loft to get the ball up and out of its depression and on top of the grass after impact and the other is the flattest, smoothest face possible. I also like softer putter head inserts and softer metals aluminum used in putter head manufacture.

I can come out with a putter tomorrow that will have a significantly reduced skid and produce more roll, all I need to do is to reduce the loft to 0 degrees. The problem now is that the ball will initially bounce too much when it is hit because it cannot get out of the depression it is sitting in and get up onto the top of the grass.

So, when it bounces, it will lose distance thus becoming inconsistent in distance control. Yes you can adjust the lie of any putter. Also, you can look in the yellow pages under golf club repair or custom golf clubs and find a local club technician who will also be able to do it. Now, I have an important question for you. Sometimes when the toe is up in the air, it is a strong indication that the putter is simply too long for the golfer.

This is easy to check. Have your son set up to the ball with his eyes directly over the ball you can help with this by dropping another golf ball from his eye position and seeing if it hits the ball on the ground. This assures his spine angle will be correct. This of course is for the modern pendulum putting style which is far and away the predominant putting method used today.

The purpose of this grip is to restrict putter head rotation that is not consistent with every stroke. Some golfers simply have this problem more than other golfers. Cross handed putting sometimes accomplishes a cure for this because the golfer has a straighter left arm throughout the stroke and this helps the natural club head rotation to be more consistent because it restricts it somewhat.

I would guess that by missing on both sides of the cup, you are having trouble consistently controlling the putter head rotation. The only draw back to a larger grip is that it can reduce the feel of the putter and sometimes cause distance problems. It will usually help with accuracy problems as I stated. Finally, make sure you are keeping your wrists out of the stroke and pivoting more around your shoulders.

Too much wrist often leads to the problem you are having. Let me know how you eventually solve this and how well it worked. Also, practice, practice and more practice. All three of our end shafted models in this design will be too light. You would need to add 40 to 50 grams of head weight.

This would be too much weight to add to the sole of the putter head because of the amount of lead tape required. You really need to find a heavier head. Pendulum putting is no wrists with all rotation around the shoulders. These two definitions put together are the modern desirable way to putt and is obviously the predominate method used on tour.

Forget about supposed closure rates of different type putters. Simply test different putter styles and designs off the rack to find the putter that most naturally strokes back and through on the same line with consistency. I know you have picked up a putter at one time or another that did not stroke back on the same line every time and probably made you feel uncomfortable.

Higher moment of inertia putters tend to help in promoting a better stroke. The biggest decision most golfers need to make is whether a center shafted or end shafted putter works best for them. Like any specialty golf product, the Heavy Putter is not for everyone, but it can be a tremendous help to some golfers.

Basically, the Heavy Putter slows down any of the movements the golfer makes when putting. If a golfer has a jerky stroke, lurch or lunge when putting which is usually referred to as the yips, the Heavy Putter can mostly eliminate this. Also, there are those golfers who do not have the yips that simply putt better and possibly remain more controlled and calm in their stroke with a heavier putter head, added grip end weight and finally a much heavier overall total weight.

I have mentioned a number of times in my answers here that much of golf club fitting is some form of a trade-off. Of course we want all the trade-offs we make to end up positive and actually improve our games. With this said, one of the trade-offs that I have found in using heavy putters in fitting over the last 20 years long before the Heavy Putter came out is that it is sometimes much more difficult to control the length of longer putts with any consistency.

This is something you need to find out for yourself by actually using the Heavy Putter. Also, what I have found is that it is hard for a so called normal weighted putter to match the accuracy of a heavy weighted putter on putt lengths under 11 feet. The record number of consecutive putts exactly 11 feet made here in the golf club design studio was done by me with the Heavy Putter 23 putts in a row.

Apparently, it is working very well for you and I would definitely stick with it. This is the putter that I personally use. Yes, it is perfectly U. One thing is for sure; you will be noticed when you putt with it. I like to stand it up on the practice putting green and walk away from it and watch everybody stare at it.

Kevin, this putter still holds the record for the highest moment of inertia putter ever made and marketed. Here is some more fun to prove MOI to your friends and yourself; line up your putt with the ball way out on the toe of the putter and stroke it. You will be amazed at how solid it feels and the ball rolls just like normal and with almost no distance loss like most other putters high MOI does this.

Final trick; put down two balls to be putted with one stroke. Use about a 10 to 15 foot putt distance. I have also made three balls doing this but it takes a number of tries. Thanks for trying Maltby designed products. This is what happened to Watson when he had problems putting a few years back.

I am glad you stopped using the manipulated stroke for square to square and started pendulum putting. Left elbow should not be pointing outward, rather down and in close to your left side. This is a good question and I have the answer. If the manufacturer put the line up line on the sweet spot center of gravity and it is not in the middle of the face, golfers would think that the putter was mis-marked and it would not sell.

Many putters do have the center of gravity sweet spot in the middle of the face and they are properly marked. So, this is a dilemma that is faced by every putter manufacturer on some models. However, they still always put it in the middle of the face regardless of the center of gravity location. Many just leave the top line blank and for some I recut the line or added a dot at the sweet spot.

You need to check a few things regarding your stroke that will affect the distance of a putt. First, if you are a mostly a wrist putter, get a lesson from a PGA pro and change to a pendulum putter stroke which is basically a pivot of the shoulders with no wrist break. Be sure your putter has a minimum of C-8 or preferably a higher swingweight.

This is a good check to see if you have the minimum head weight on your putter. Also check to see if your putter is too long for you. Finally, my favorite putting drill for distance and directional control is this; Block out 15 to 30 minute sessions your choice on session length and using only one ball, putt different length and different break putts.

No two should be the same. Your goal is to never 3 putt in the session. If you do 3 putt, either begin all over or simply keep track of how many you had during the session and try to lower this amount next time. Be sure to take your time and read each putt.

I agree with you. I always prefer to putt with a line up line to see if there is any wobbling of the line caused by a difference in putter face angle and path. I show an example of the line up lines in the ball balancing video on this site. Whatever gets the job done the best is the way to go in putting.

With that said, the normal golf grip Vardon overlapping is usually not a good putter grip to promote consistency in a stroke. For this reason, the most popular putter grip used today is the reverse overlap grip. So, with the Vardon grip you overlap the little finger of the right hand between the first and second finger of the left hand right handed golfer.

With the reverse overlap putter grip, you simply reverse the role of the whatever gets the job done the best is the way to go in putting. With the reverse overlap putter grip, you simply reverse the role of the little finger. In other words, all the fingers of the right hand are wrapped around the grip itself and now the first finger of the left hand is overlapping the little finger and the one next to it on the right hand.

Probably would have been easier with a picture, but give this a try to see if you like it. Yes, you can add heel and toe weights to a traditional blade putter and you will increase theMoment of inertia MOI. In most cases the old traditional blades were light in weight so you will actually get two benefits from doing this.

If you made the head grams in weight the swingweight would come out to around D These putters were usually around to grams in head weight for a 34" or a 35" putter. TheMOI was around 9. Now you know why he was so successful at the time because no one else in the golf industry was even close to his much higher MOI reading.

OK, the driver question; my guess is that the shaft is a great fit for you in the Dunlop driver. Of course, all the measurements of this driver would need to be taken and compared to all the new drivers you bought to check out any and all significant differences. Next time you are out to buy your yearly driver, be sure and take the Dunlop driver along and demo it along with the latest and the greatest on the market.

This is the best way to find out why you like the Dunlop driver so much or if there really is something better that works for you. I assume you are admitting that you are not a par shooter. The hardness of the putter face definitely affects the distance a putt will roll with the exact same input force. I use a very sophisticated putting robot for these type tests and have proved this.

Obviously the softer the putter face the shorter the ball will roll. With that being said, here goes. I have not proved this, but it makes sense that any face material or insert that is softer than steel or stainless steel will be easier to control distance of a putt because the golfer needs to strike the ball harder. Hitting it harder to achieve the same putt distance reduces the touch required for consistent distance control.

I personally prefer aluminum putter faces over steel mainly because they feel better to me. Hope this helps. Since you liked the old feel and weight, you need to add back the 10 to 12 swingweights you lost by shortening your putter by 2". For example, let me assume you have a Ping Answer type putter with a decent sole on it.

Next butt the second strip up against this one. Next, if it will fit, butt the next strip up against this one you may need to cut this strip lengthwise to make it narrower. You should now have the entire sole covered by one layer of lead tape. Put on two more complete layers of lead tape and burnish it down with a small wood block burnishing is rubbing and pressing down the lead tape surface and edges and sort of blending it all together and removing all the wrinkles.

Keep adding 2 or 3 more layers and burnish again until all 50" or so of lead tape is applied and burnished. You will not be able to see the lead tape in the putting position and the putter should feel like its old self again. In this case I would not add weight to the butt end of the shaft. I would only do this if he has a yip problem on short putts.

This is a case where you will definitely help his back problem, keep him playing the game, with the only tradeoff of too heavy a putter head. No, on the flip side, he will have better accuracy on shorter putts with the tradeoff being less than ideal distance control on longer putts. Keep in mind that when you back weight counter balance in the grip end you significantly raise the total weight of the putter.

It is best to keep the total weight in proportion to the head weight if there is no special need to change it yips. I have used butt weighting for over 20 years now. I use it when a golfer has a tendency toward the yips. I will generally put a wood plug in the butt end about 2" down from the top and pour lead on top.

I also specify a heavier head weight in conjunction with this. The purpose is to slow down any quickness in the hands and also eliminate any jerkiness. This can be a good cure, but the tradeoff can be poorer distance control on long putts for some golfers. Another benefit however is that accuracy generally improves on shorter putts, say less than 15 feet or so.

Basically, everything we do in fitting has some kind of a tradeoff with something else. The object is to make the tradeoffs better and better for a given golfer without giving up too much. Some tour players do add a little weight in the butt of their putters. One, I know puts lead tape under the grip. I really cannot recommend doing this across the board, but with certain putting problems, I can recommend at least trying it.

Actually the easy part of picking a shaft should be to select the proper flex for an individual. This is basically done by measuring swing speed or how far someone hits the ball. After the flex is determined, the harder part is to select the proper bending characteristics shaft bend point. A competent person on a launch monitor can determine this. Keep in mind that you may fit into a number of different brand shafts, but they should all have the same basic build characteristics that were determined by your swing.

Got to love golf, you are correct. Add in this note: The later the golfer releases, the lower the torque, the earlier the golfer releases the higher the torque. I say this because higher torque is usually associated with a lower bend point more tip flexible shaft. Here is another way to look at it.

Imagine two identical gram 5 iron heads built to 38" long. Assume one is shafted with an 87 gram graphite shaft and the other a gram steel shaft. The gram steel shafted club would probably be very close to a D-2 swingweight. The graphite shaft club would be very close to a C-9 swingweight. Since the head is the same weight and the length of the club is the same, the 24" of steel shaft is heavier than its graphite counterpart.

Therefore the swingweight will read higher and the total weight difference of the golf club will be 28 grams heavier for the steel shaft - 87 grams. Hope this helps and I did not make things worse. If you like the current length, there is no need to change. Now that you confirmed the shaft weight and current swingweight, my best guess is that you will gain 2 to 3 swingweights when switching from graphite to Dynamic lightweight steel shafts.

I like steel shafts in my irons, but remember this is my personal preference. In particular, a number of seniors and most women benefit from graphite shafted irons. If you decide to change shafts be sure and order. Be careful about lengths and swingweight. If you put in the Dynamic lightweight steel shafts at the same club length as before you will gain a few swingweights depending on the weight of your present graphite shafts vs.

The rule of thumb is that heavier shafts require lighter heads to make a given swingweight say D-2 for example. Lighter shafts require a heavier head weight to make the same D-2 swingweight with the same weight head. Ted, I have done this type reshaft a number of times for players and most have accepted and some have preferred the higher resulting swingweight.

It seems so simple to just change shafts to whatever you want, but we really need to thoroughly evaluate every situation. You are correct, it is very stiff in flex and also tip stiff. You get very little bending action from this shaft. The Dynalite Gold Lite is a good iron shaft at gram weight. I also like the TX steel shaft which is also made by True Temper.

This shaft is 90 grams. Either one would be a good choice. These shafts will require slightly heavier head weights to make the original swingweight, Rule of thumb: lighter shafts need heavier head weights to maintain the same swingweight as a heavier shaft. I think the shaft you have in there now is around grams, but I am not positive. So, do this: check all your swingweights and write them down.

Check your current length on the 5 iron. If it is 38", leave it at 38" and add some lead tape to the bottom of the Ping Eye cavity. At 38" I like the swingweight to be D-0 to D It is hard for me to recommend a shaft flex because I do not know your swing speed. Your wedges can all be stiff flex. Most all wedges are shafted in stiff flex.

In your case you will probably want to install tip taper shafts because this is easiest and was the original bore in the Eye2 iron heads. This will remove about 2 grams or 1 swingweight and require a little more lead tape. The reason I do this is because when I tested shafts and hit quite a number of test demo drivers, this shaft performed the best for my swing.

Yes, I would play with amore expensive shaft if it further helped my game. The point here is to actually go out and demo these shafts and then decide. With all that being said, I do not have any feedback yet on this Grafalloy Epic shaft and I have not hit it yet.

This is a sleeper, but I do not recommend it for the very hard hitter. Flighted is simply another design approach to golf shafts. Remember, distance is based on trajectory, alter trajectory and you alter distance. Alter the distance and you alter the back spin rate. Alter the back spin and you alter how the ball bites when it lands.

This is not the job of the shaft. You have a number of choices, but here is what I would do recommend. If you still hit theM 6 iron, 7 iron and so on Although, since there are no set length standards, a hybrid and a fairway metal can sometimes be the same length. So, this is my opinion without knowing much about your game. These small modifications are what clubmaking is all about.

You can tweak and customize to any combination or playability that you like. Yes, you can tip the KE4 shafts or for that matter any shaft to do two things to the shaft. First, you increase the stiffness slightly and secondly, you move the shaft bend point closer to the head, thus making it slightly more tip stiff. The end results are as follows; the club will feel stiffer, you should gain better directional control, the trajectory may be a little lower and the face will tend to close less.

You, however, will need to hit the ball near the center of the face if you do not do this already. Basically, the more you stiffen up a shaft, the less forgiving it will be on off center hits. You see, there is always some kind of a tradeoff in anything you do to a golf club. Of course, all this is dependent on a number of other factors also, so use this as a rough rule of thumb.

Basically, once the club head smashes into the golf ball at impact the resultant hit relies completely on the mass and dimensional properties of the club head only. The mass and dimensional properties are head weight, center of gravity location and moment of inertia.

Yes, there are also the angular properties of loft angle, lie angle, sole bounce angle and so on. The point here is to consider the club head a free wheeling object at this point. So, the torque specification of a certain shaft has done its job when impact occurs.

You select shaft torque for a certain swing so that it brings the club head into impact as square as possible and again with good repeatability. If you select a shaft that is the correct flex to fit you, but you select a shaft with too little torque, the tendency will be to leave the club face open coming into impact. Conversely, if you select a shaft with too much torque, you may have a tendency to close the face too much coming into impact.

There are a few other considerations for fitting length to juniors such as strength, etc. Here are the basics: A boy 51" tall uses an average driver length of 35". The total range allows up to 37" if he can hit it straight and near face center. Putter length is This is a fairly minor difference in shaft playability.

The final determinant on which shaft works best for you is in actually hitting it. The shaft MPF chart tries to get you close and eliminates a whole bunch of shafts you do not need to try. After a number of rounds you will know if it suits you and I think it will. Remember, there are usually quite a number of shafts that any golfer can be fit into and will help their game.

Finally, the fact that you are a 13 handicap and a better player will tend to reduce slight shaft differences. When referring to Original Equipment Shafts OEM , it is very difficult to get specifications from the manufacturer or for us to acquire and measure everyone on the market.

The only thing I can tell you regarding OEM shafts is that the manufacturers generally make their shaft specs neutral. This means most specs are somewhere toward the center of the range to cover as many player types as possible. Now you can see why it is important to find the best shaft for each golfer and many times it will not be the OEM shaft. Your TaylorMade driver head design has very high playability and is a good choice.

First of all, this set has a very low playability factor with the center of gravity fairly high and on the hosel side of face center caused by the very long hosel. If you like the look of these heads and being a PGA professional I am assuming you are a consistent ball striker, then go for it. Do not strengthen the lofts as you will turn a no bounce sole into a digger sole.

You will be OK with the head weights because they were designed for heavier steel shafts. However, the lighter steel shafts require a heavier head weight to maintain the same swingweight; therefore, it will almost be a wash. C-O to D-2 will play well for you.

I really like hearing from the golf professionals that attended my schools in the past. So, there are a lot of you out there. Hope all this helps. The idea of publishing golf shaft specifications and trying to put them in some playability rating is to simply get golfers pointed in the right direction and narrow down the huge volume of golf shaft models and brands on the market today.

This is why it is extremely important to work with a qualified individual on a driving range or in a store situation and also have access to launch monitors or simulators or whatever you want to call them. You actually need to hit different shafts in different heads. I can somewhat sympathize with you as I too am left handed switched to playing from the right side at an early age.

Obviously while not as prevalent as right handed clubs, there are still quite a few very good left handed clubs available. Check out as many club manufacturer sites as you can on the web to research this. The 77 mph on your iron I am assuming a 5 iron should translate into approximately a 90 mph or less driver head speed.

If you release relatively late in the swing and hit the ball solid most of the time, you may need a more tip stiff shaft like the Dynamic Gold Lite. You really need to try a couple of these shafts and see how they work for you. I really never liked the Dynacraft DSFI Shaft Fitting Index because it utilizes too much information and makes too many assumptions to get you the correct shaft.

The best you can do with a shaft playability system like the MPF Shaft Fitting Guide is to put a golfer into the correct grouping of shafts that will probably work the best. This approach eliminates searching through all the many shafts available which is quite bewildering to any golfer, thus making the selection process much easier.

On paper, no one can pinpoint the exact right shaft for you. Remember, there is always some form of a tradeoff in distance and control. The trick is to pick the shaft that maximizes both. The best way to do this is to obviously demo different shafts that fall into the 4B2H shaft selection area. The MPF shaft selector on the website is designed to help you select shafts that have the characteristics that may fit best with your preferences and swing.

It does, however, eliminate a ton of shafts that do not fit the profile you desire. On its own, the lower torque numbers do not necessarily mean that this shaft will hit the ball straighter. I never use the torque number to select a shaft. Torque readings are static measurements done with the shaft in a fixture with a weight hanging off a fulcrum attached to the tip of the shaft this can be done from the butt end also if desired.

This has little bearing on the recovery characteristics and other performance characteristics of the shaft when it is dynamically swung. Consider it one small factor only. Yes, I feel the Pro Launch will be better. You are almost always better off with a top grade shaft vs. However, the real challenge of MIM processing for titanium alloy is its affinity to be contaminated by interstitial light elements such as oxygen and carbon which could degrade the mechanical properties of sintered titanium alloy such as its tensile strength and ductility.

The sintering temperature effect on carbon and oxygen content that affects its physical and mechanical properties of the sintered titanium alloy was studied. Ultimate tensile strength of The carbon content level increased as the sintering temperature increased due to decomposition of high molecule weight of residue binder system which could not be eliminated during solvent extraction debinding process and sintered at low temperature.

Contrarily, the oxygen content level indicates a decrease as the sintering temperature increased. Briefly, the sintering temperature could influence the physical and mechanical properties of titanium alloy MIM sintered specimen as it influences the oxygen and carbon content level in the alloys.

Oxidation resistant coating for titanium alloys and titanium alloy matrix composites. An oxidation resistant coating for titanium alloys and titanium alloy matrix composites comprises an MCrAlX material. M is a metal selected from nickel, cobalt, and iron. X is an active element selected from Y, Yb, Zr, and Hf. In vivo evaluation of Mg- 6 Zn and titanium alloys on collagen metabolism in the healing of intestinal anastomosis.

There is a great clinical need for biodegradable materials, which were used as pins of circular staplers, for gastrointestinal reconstruction in medicine. In this work we compared the effects of the Mg- 6 Zn and the titanium alloys on collagen metabolism in the healing of the intestinal tract in vivo. Radiographic and scanning electron microscope evaluation confirmed the degradation by Mg- 6 Zn alloy during the implantation period.

Biochemical measurements including serum magnesium, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and glutamic-pyruvic-transaminase proved that degradation of Mg- 6 Zn alloy showed no impact on serum magnesium and the function of other important organs. In conclusion, Mg- 6 Zn alloy performed better than titanium alloy on collagen metabolism and promoted the healing of intestinal anastomosis.

Hence, Mg- 6 Zn may be a promising candidate for use of stapler pins for intestinal reconstruction in the clinically. Thin-film diffusion brazing of titanium alloys. A thin film diffusion brazing technique for joining titanium alloys by use of a Cu intermediate is described. The method has been characterized in terms of static and dynamic mechanical properties on Ti- 6 Al-4V alloy.

These include tensile, fracture toughness, stress corrosion, shear, corrosion fatigue, mechanical fatigue and acoustic fatigue. Most of the properties of titanium joints formed by thin film diffusion brazing are equal or exceed base metal properties.

The advantages of thin film diffusion brazing over solid state diffusion bonding and brazing with conventional braze alloys are discussed. The producibility advantages of this process over others provide the potential for producing high efficiency joints in structural components of titanium alloys for the minimum cost. Effect of surface reaction layer on grindability of cast titanium alloys.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the cast surface reaction layer on the grindability of titanium alloys , including free-machining titanium alloy DT2F , and to compare the results with the grindability of two dental casting alloys gold and Co-Cr. Two specimen sizes were used to cast the titanium metals so that the larger castings would be the same size as the smaller gold and Co-Cr alloy specimens after removal of the surface reaction layer alpha-case.

Grindability was measured as volume loss ground from a specimen for 1 min using a handpiece engine with a SiC abrasive wheel at 0. For the titanium and gold alloys , grindability increased as the rotational speed increased. The grindability of the gold alloy was similar to that of Ti- 6 Al-4V, whereas the Co-Cr alloy had the lowest grindability.

The results of this study indicated that the alpha-case did not significantly affect the grindability of the titanium alloys. The free-machining titanium alloy had improved grindability compared to CP Ti. Samples of the cast alloys were HIP'ed, annealed, and machined into tensile specimens. The specimens were tested in air at ambient temperature 70 F and also at F in liquid hydrogen.

The Ti- 6 Al-4V alloy had an average ultimate strength of The Ti-5Al The ductility, as measured by reduction of area, for the Ti- 6 Al-4V averaged Titanium alloy is widely used in aerospace industry, but it is also a typical difficult-to-cut material. During Deep hole drilling of the shaft parts of a certain large aircraft, there are problems of bad surface roughness, chip control and axis deviation, so experiments on gun-drilling of Ti 6 A14V titanium alloy were carried out to measure the axis line deflection, diameter error and surface integrity, and the reasons of these errors were analyzed.

Then, the optimized process parameter was obtained during gun-drilling of Ti 6 A14V titanium alloy with deep hole diameter of 17mm. Finally, we finished the deep hole drilling of mm while the comprehensive error is smaller than 0. The hydrogen embrittlement of titanium -based alloys. Although titanium is considered to be reasonably resistant to chemical attack, severe problems can arise when titanium -based alloys come in contact with hydrogen-containing environments, where they can pick up large amounts of hydrogen, especially at elevated temperatures.

The severity and the extent of the hydrogen interaction with titanium -based alloys are directly related to the microstructure and composition of the titanium alloys. This paper addresses the hydrogen embrittlement of titanium -based alloys. Also, the paper summarizes the detrimental effects of hydrogen in different titanium alloys.

Fatigue crack initiation in alpha-beta titanium alloys , International Journal of Fatigue, 31 Suppl. Power Research Institute - October Larson, A. Figure 3 and 4. Table II. The cycle count and relative rankings of fatigue crack growth rates measured from the cracks shown in Figure 5 and 6.

Influence of aerothermoacoustic treatment on the structure and the properties of a TS 6 titanium alloy. The influence of standard heat or aerothermoacoustic treatment on the structure and the properties of a TS 6 titanium alloy is considered. The interrelation between variations in the structure, the grain size, and the properties of the alloy has been detected.

The possibilities of aerothermoacoustic treatment to provide a simultaneous increase in the strength and the plasticity of a TS 6 alloy upon refining of its grain structure in the course of microplastic deformation and recrystallization are demonstrated. Surface modification of titanium and titanium alloys by ion implantation.

Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used in biomedical devices and components, especially as hard tissue replacements as well as in cardiac and cardiovascular applications, because of their desirable properties, such as relatively low modulus, good fatigue strength, formability, machinability, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility.

However, titanium and its alloys cannot meet all of the clinical requirements. Therefore, to improve the biological, chemical, and mechanical properties, surface modification is often performed. In view of this, the current review casts new light on surface modification of titanium and titanium alloys by ion beam implantation. Attachment of Porphyromonas gingivalis to corroded commercially pure titanium and titanium -aluminum-vanadium alloy.

Titanium dental material can become corroded because of electrochemical interaction in the oral environment. The corrosion process may result in surface modification. It was hypothesized that a titanium surface modified by corrosion may enhance the attachment of periodontal pathogens.

This study evaluates the effects of corroded titanium surfaces on the attachment of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Commercially pure titanium cp-Ti and titanium -aluminum-vanadium alloy Ti- 6 Al-4V disks were used. Disks were anodically polarized in a standard three-electrode setting in a simulated oral environment with artificial saliva at pH levels of 3. Non-corroded disks were used as controls.

Surface roughness was measured before and after corrosion. Disks were inoculated with P. After 6 hours, the disks with attached P. All assays were performed independently three times in triplicate. Both cp-Ti and Ti- 6 Al-4V alloy -corroded disks promoted significantly more bacterial attachment There was no significant correlation between surface roughness and P. A higher degree of corrosion on the titanium surface may promote increased bacterial attachment by oral pathogens.

Rough titanium alloys regulate osteoblast production of angiogenic factors. Polyether-ether-ketone PEEK and titanium -aluminum-vanadium titanium alloy are used frequently in lumbar spine interbody fusion. It is not known if this is also true of osteoblasts on titanium alloy or PEEK. The purpose of this study was to determine if osteoblasts generate an environment that supports angiogenesis and reduces osteoclastic activity when grown on smooth titanium alloy , rough titanium alloy , or PEEK.

This in vitro study compared angiogenic factor production and integrin gene expression of human osteoblast-like MG63 cells cultured on PEEK or titanium -aluminum-vanadium titanium alloy. Expression of integrins, transmembrane extracellular matrix recognition proteins, was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

All factors measured were significantly lower on PEEK than on smooth or rough titanium alloy. Rough titanium alloy stimulated cells to create an osteogenic-angiogenic microenvironment. The osteogenic-angiogenic responses to titanium alloy were greater than PEEK and greater on rough titanium alloy than on smooth titanium alloy.

Research and Development on Titanium Alloys. Derge for analysis. X-ray diffraction analysis and light microscopy are used to study the structure of surface layers of helically extruded specimens of titanium alloy VT 25U after laser fusion of the surface. The microhardness in the zone of fusion of the initial specimens exceeds the microhardness of the specimens after the extrusion.

Rapidly solidified titanium alloys by melt overflow. Gaspar, Thomas A. A pilot plant scale furnace was designed and constructed for casting titanium alloy strips. The furnace combines plasma arc skull melting techniques with melt overflow rapid solidification technology. A mathematical model of the melting and casting process was developed. The furnace cast strip of a suitable length and width for use with honeycomb structures.

The strips were evaluated by optical metallography, microhardness measurements, chemical analysis, and cold rolling. Biocorrosion study of titanium -cobalt alloys. X-ray diffraction XRD shows that, in water-quenched WQ alloys , beta- titanium is largely retained, whereas in furnace-cooled FC alloys , little beta- titanium is found.

Differential thermal analysis DTA indicates that melting temperatures of the alloys are lower than that of pure titanium by about degrees C. Potentiodynamic polarization results show that all measured break-down potentials in Hank's solution at 37 degrees C are higher than mV. Iron- titanium -mischmetal alloys for hydrogen storage.

A method for the preparation of an iron- titanium -mischmetal alloy which is used for the storage of hydrogen. The alloy is prepared by air-melting an iron charge in a clay-graphite crucible, adding titanium and deoxidizing with mischmetal. The resultant alloy contains less than about 0. Trichite growth during oxidation of titanium and TA 6 V4 alloy by water vapor at high temperatures.

Analysis by electron scanning microscope detected the formation of rutile trichites on the surface of specimens of titanium and titanium alloy TA 6 V4 oxidized in water vapor in the temperature range to C and the water vapor pressure range from 0. In all specimens, two sublayers of rutile were formed: an external layer of basalt-like appearance, and a microcrystalline inner layer.

Morphology of the trichites depends on temperature and the material whether metal or alloy , but not on vapor pressure. Improved adherence of sputtered titanium carbide coatings on nickel- and titanium -base alloys. Rene 41 and Ti- 6 Al-4V alloys were radio frequency sputter coated with titanium carbide by several techniques in order to determine the most effective. Coatings were evaluated in pin-on-disk tests.

Surface analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to relate adherence to interfacial chemistry. For Rene 41, good coating adherence was obtained when a small amount of acetylene was added to the sputtering plasma. The acetylene carburized the alloy surface and resulted in better bonding to the TiC coating. For Ti- 6 Al-4V, the best adherence and wear protection was obtained when a pure titanium interlayer was used between the coating and the alloy.

The interlayer is thought to prevent the formation of a brittle, fracture-prone, aluminum oxide layer. Sealing glasses for titanium and titanium alloys. These sealing-glass compositions are useful for forming hermetic glass-to-metal seals with titanium and titanium alloys having an improved aqueous durability and favorable sealing characteristics.

Examples of the sealing-glass compositions are provided having coefficients of thermal expansion about that of titanium or titanium alloys , and with sealing temperatures less than about C, and generally about C. The barium lanthanoborate sealing-glass compositions are useful for components and devices requiring prolonged exposure to moisture or water, and for implanted biomedical devices e.

Examples of the sealing-glass compositions are provided having coefficients of thermal expansion about that of titanium or titanium alloys , and with sealing temperatures less than about Examples of the sealing-glass compositions are provided having coefficients of thermal expansionmore » about that of titanium or titanium alloys , and with sealing temperatures less than about C, and generally about C.

The corrosion resistant properties of Concentrated RIP: Hl-specific gravity 1. Peculiarities of structure formation of layered metal-oxide system Ti-Ta- Ti,Ta xOy during electro-spark alloying and thermally stimulated modification. Fomina, Marina A. The study focuses on high-performance combined electro-spark alloying of titanium and titanium alloy VT , VT 16 surface and porous matrix structure oxidation.

The metal-oxide coatings morphology is the result of melt drop transfer, heat treatment, and oxidation. The study establishes the influence of technological regimes of alloying and oxidation on morphological heterogeneity of biocompatible layered metal-oxide system Ti-Ta- Ti,Ta xOy. It was found that during electro-spark alloying the concentration of tantalum on the titanium surface ranges from 0.

Morphology of the deposited splats is represented by uniformly grown crystals of titanium and tantalum oxides, which increase from nano- to submicron size. Machinability evaluation of titanium alloys. In the present study, the machinability of titanium , Ti- 6 Al-4V, Ti- 6 ANb, and free-cutting brass was evaluated using a milling machine. The metals were slotted with square end mills under four cutting conditions.

The cutting force and the rotational speed of the spindle were measured. The rotational speed of the spindle was barely affected by cutting. The cross sections of the Ti- 6 Al-4V and Ti- 6 Al-7Nb chips were more clearly serrated than those of titanium , which is an indication of difficult-to-cut metals. There was no marked difference in the surface roughness of the cut surfaces among the metals.

Corrosion-fatigue life of commercially pure titanium and Ti- 6 Al-4V alloys in different storage environments. Removable partial dentures are affected by fatigue because of the cyclic mechanism of the masticatory system and frequent insertion and removal. Titanium and its alloys have been used in the manufacture of denture frameworks; however, preventive agents with fluorides are thought to attack titanium alloy surfaces.

This study evaluated, compared, and analyzed the corrosion-fatigue life of commercially pure titanium and Ti- 6 Al-4V alloy in different storage environments. For each metal, 33 dumbbell rods, 2. After failure, the number of cycles were recorded, and fracture surfaces were examined with an SEM.

There were no significant differences between either metal in the corrosion-fatigue life for dry specimens, but when the solutions were present, the fatigue life was significantly reduced, probably because of the production of corrosion pits caused by superficial reactions.

Recent advances in the deformation processing of titanium alloys. Titanium Ti alloys are special-purpose materials used for several critical applications in aerospace as well as non-aerospace industries, and extensive deformation processing is necessary to shape-form these materials, which poses many challenges due to the microstructural complexities.

Some of the recent developments in the deformation processing of Ti alloys and usefulness of integrating the material behavior information with simulation schemes while designing and optimizing manufacturing process schedules are discussed in this paper. Discussions are primarily focused on the most important alloy , Ti- 6 Al-4V and on developing a clear understanding on the influence of key parameters e.

These studies are very useful not only for obtaining controlled microstructures but also to design complex multi-step processing sequences to produce defect-free components. Strain-induced porosity SIP has been a serious problem during titanium alloy processing, and improved scientific understanding helps in seeking elegant solutions to avoid SIP.

A novel high-speed processing technique for microstructural conversion in titanium has been described, which provides several benefits over the conventional slow-speed practices. Titanium alloys modified with small additions of boron are emerging as potential candidates for replacing structural components requiring high specific strength and stiffness.

Efforts to understand the microstructural mechanisms during deformation processing of Ti-B alloys and the issues. Adsorption behavior of glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxy-silane on titanium alloy Ti- 6. From the XPS results, it was found that the silane coverage on the titanium surface generally increased with GTMS concentration, with a slight decrease at concentration of 0.

Based on the relationship between isoelectronic point IEP of titanium surface and the pH values of silane solutions, adsorption mechanisms at different concentrations were proposed. The surface coverage data of GTMS on titanium surface was also derived from electrochemical measurements. Mechanical behaviour of pressed and sintered titanium alloys obtained from master alloy addition powders.

The powders were characterised by means thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction and shaped by means of uniaxial pressing. XRD patterns as well as the density by Archimedes method were also obtained. The results indicate that master alloy addition is a suitable way to fabricate well developed titanium alloy but also to produce alloy with the desired composition, not available commercially.

Density of 4. Flexural properties comparable to those specified for wrought Ti- 6 Al-4V medical devices are, generally, obtained. All rights reserved. Thermal coatings for titanium -aluminum alloys. Titanium aluminides and titanium alloys are candidate materials for use in hot structure and heat-shield components of hypersonic vehicles because of their good strength-to-weight characteristics at elevated temperature.

However, in order to utilize their maximum temperature capability, they must be coated to resist oxidation and to have a high total remittance. Also, surface catalysis for recombination of dissociated species in the aerodynamic boundary layer must be minimized. Very thin chemical vapor deposition CVD coatings are attractive candidates for this application because of durability and very light weight.

Coated specimens of each alloy were subjected to a set of simulated hypersonic vehicle environmental tests to determine their properties of oxidation resistance, surface catalysis, radiative emittance, and thermal shock resistance. Surface catalysis results should be viewed as relative performance only of the several coating- alloy combinations tested under the specific environmental conditions of the LaRC Hypersonic Materials Environmental Test System HYMETS arc-plasma-heated hypersonic wind tunnel.

Tests were also conducted to evaluate the hydrogen transport properties of the coatings and any effects of the coating processing itself on fatigue life of the base alloys. Results are presented for three types of coatings, which are as follows: 1 a single layer boron silicon coating, 2 a single layer aluminum-boron-silicon coating, and 3 a multilayer coating consisting of an aluminum-boron-silicon sublayer with a boron-silicon outer layer.

Surface modification of Ti alloy by electro-explosive alloying and electron-beam treatment. Gromov, Victor, E-mail: gromov physics. By methods of modern physical metallurgy the analysis of structure phase states of titanium alloy VT 6 is carried out after electric explosion alloying with boron carbide and subsequent irradiation by pulsed electron beam.

Research on tool wearing on milling of TC21 titanium alloy. Titanium alloys are used in aircraft widely, but the efficiency is a problem for machining titanium alloy. In this paper, the cutting experiment of TC21 titanium alloy was studied. Cutting parameters and test methods for TC21 titanium alloy were designed. The wear behavior of TC21 titanium alloy was studied based on analysis of orthogonal test results.

It provides a group of cutting parameters for TC21 titanium alloy processing. Bonding titanium to Rene 41 alloy. Pair of intermediate materials joined by electron beam welding method welds titanium to Rene 41 alloy. Bond is necessary for combining into one structure high strength-to-density ratio titanium fan blades and temperature resistant nickel-base alloy turbine-buckets in VTOL aircraft lift-fan rotor.

Effect of creep in titanium alloy Ti- 6 Al-4V at elevated temperature on aircraft design and flight test. Short-term compressive creep tests were conducted on three titanium alloy Ti- 6 Al-4V coupons at three different stress levels at a temperature of K F. The test data were compared to several creep laws developed from tensile creep tests of available literature.

The short-term creep test data did not correlate well with any of the creep laws obtained from available literature. The creep laws themselves did not correlate well with each other. Short-term creep does not appear to be very predictable for titanium alloy Ti- 6 Al-4V. Aircraft events that result in extreme, but short-term temperature and stress excursions for this alloy should be approached cautiously.

Extrapolations of test data and creep laws suggest a convergence toward predictability in the longer-term situation. Selected fretting-wear-resistant coatings for titanium - 6 -percent-aluminum - 4-percent-vanadium alloy. A titanium - 6 -percent-aluminum - 4-percent-vanadium alloy Ti- 6 Al-4V was subjected to fretting-wear exposures against uncoated Ti- 6 Al-4V as a baseline and against various coatings and surface treatments applied to Ti- 6 Al-4V.

The coatings evaluated included plasma-sprayed tungsten carbide with 12 percent cobalt, aluminum oxide with 13 percent titanium oxide, chromium oxide, and aluminum bronze with 10 percent aromatic polyester; polymer-bonded polyimide, polyimide with graphite fluoride, polyimide with molybdenum disulfide MoS2 , and methyl phenyl silicone bonded MoS2, preoxidation surface treatment, a nitride surface treatment, and a sputtered MoS2 coating.

Results of wear measurements on both the coated and uncoated surfaces after , fretting cycles indicated that the polyimide coating was the most wear resistant and caused the least wear to the uncoated mating surface. PubMed Central. Furthermore, to satisfy the demands from both patients and surgeons, i. In addition, the titanium alloys with shape memory and superelastic properties were briefly addressed.

Glass compositions containing CaO, Al. These compositions are capable of forming stable glass-to-metal seals with titanium and titanium alloys , for use in components such as seals for battery headers. Fracture characteristics of structural aerospace alloys containing deep surface flaws. Conditions controlling the growth and fracture of deep surface flaws in aerospace alloys were investigated.

Cyclic flaw growth tests were performed on the two latter alloys , and sustain load tests were performed on the titanium alloy. Both the cyclic and the sustain load tests were performed with and without a prior proof overload cycle to investigate possible growth retardation effects. Variables included in all test series were thickness, flaw depth-to-thickness ratio, and flaw shape.

Results were analyzed and compared with previously developed data to determine the limits of applicability of available modified linear elastic fracture solutions. We present a novel methodology for preparing as-cast Ti-Al-V alloy directly from titanium -rich material through a thermite reduction. The new method is shown to be feasible through a thermodynamics and dynamics analysis.

The Si and Fe in the alloys synthesized from rutile and high- titanium slag can be used as alloying elements in low-cost titanium alloys. The present method is expected to be useful for preparing Ti-Al-V alloys at a low production cost. Grain size effect on yield strength of titanium alloy implanted with aluminum ions. Popova, Natalya, E-mail: natalya-popova mail.

The paper presents a transmission electron microscopy TEM study of the microstructure and phase state of commercially pure titanium VT implanted by aluminum ions. This study has been carried out before and after the ion implantation for different grain size, i. This paper presents details of calculations and analysis of strength components of the yield stress.

It is shown that the ion implantation results in a considerable hardening of the entire thickness of the implanted layer in the both grain types. The grain size has, however, a differentmore » effect on the yield stress. So, both before and after the ion implantation, the increase of the grain size leads to the decrease of the alloy hardening.

Thus, hardening in ultra-fine and fine grain alloys increased by four times, while in polycrystalline alloy it increased by over six times. Stress corrosion cracking of titanium alloys. The effect of hydrogen on the properties of metals, including titanium and its alloys , was investigated. The basic theories of stress corrosion of titanium alloys are reviewed along with the literature concerned with the effect of absorbed hydrogen on the mechanical properties of metals.

Finally, the basic modes of metal fracture and their importance to this study is considered. The experimental work was designed to determine the effects of hydrogen concentration on the critical strain at which plastic instability along pure shear directions occurs. Environmental protection to K F for titanium alloys. Evaluations are presented of potential coating systems for protection of titanium alloys from hot-salt stress-corrosion up to temperatures of K F and from oxidation embrittlement up to temperature of K F.

Diffusion type coatings containing Si, Al, Cr, Ni or Fe as single coating elements or in various combinations were evaluated for oxidation protection, hot-salt stress-corrosion HSSC resistance, effects on tensile properties, fatigue properties, erosion resistance and ballistic impact resistance on an alpha and beta phase titanium alloy Ti- 6 Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo.

All of the coatings investigated demonstrated excellent oxidation protectiveness, but none of the coatings provided protection from hot-salt stress-corrosion. Experimental results indicated that both the aluminide and silicide types of coatings actually decreased the HSSC resistance of the substrate alloy.

The types of coatings which have typically been used for oxidation protection of refractory metals and nickel base superalloys are not suitable for titanium alloys because they increase the susceptibility to hot-salt stress-corrosion, and that entirely new coating concepts must be developed for titanium alloy protection in advanced turbine engines.

Bioactive borate glass coatings for titanium alloys. Bioactive borate glass coatings have been developed for titanium and titanium alloys. Infrared and X-ray diffraction analyses indicate that a hydroxyapatite surface layer forms on the borate glasses after exposure to a simulated body fluid for 2 weeks at 37 degrees C; similar layers form on 45S5 Bioglass R exposed to the same conditions.

Assays with MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells show the borate glasses exhibit in vitro biocompatibility similar to that of the 45S5 Bioglass R. The results show these new borate glasses to be promising candidates for forming bioactive coatings on titanium substrates.

In its Two ingots are simulated; one is simulated assuming a Since primary arm spacings in titanium alloys are not available, primary dendrite arm spacings in Ti- 6 A1- 4V were. Pohrelyuk, I. The nitrided layer was formed on the surface of Ti- 6 Al-4V titanium alloy by the thermodiffusion saturation in nitrogen at the atmospheric pressure.

The study of the vitality of pseudonormal human embryo kidney cells of the HEKT line showed that their cultivation in the presence of the untreated alloy sample is accompanied by a statistically significant reduction in the number of living cells compared with the control sample untreated cells , whereas their cultivation in the presence of the nitrided alloy sample does not change the cell number considerably.

In addition, it was shown that cell behavior in the presence of the nitrided sample differs only slightly from the control sample, whereas the growth of cells in the presence of the untreated alloy differed significantly from that in the control sample, demonstrating small groups of cells instead of their big clusters. A plutonium-uranium alloy suitable for use as the fuel element in a fast breeder reactor is described.

The alloy contains from 15 to 60 at. The biological response to laser-aided direct metal-coated Titanium alloy Ti 6 Al4V. Objectives Laser-engineered net shaping LENS of coated surfaces can overcome the limitations of conventional coating technologies. We compared the in vitro biological response with a titanium plasma spray TPS -coated titanium alloy Ti 6 Al4V surface with that of a Ti 6 Al4V surface coated with titanium using direct metal fabrication DMF with 3D printing technologies.

Scanning electron microscopy SEM was used to assess the structure and morphology of the surfaces. Biological and morphological responses to human osteoblast cell lines were then examined by measuring cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, actin filaments, and RUNX2 gene expression. Results Morphological assessment of the cells after six hours of incubation using SEM showed that the TPS- and DMF-coated surfaces were largely covered with lamellipodia from the osteoblasts.

Cell adhesion appeared similar in both groups. The differences in the rates of cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activities were not statistically significant. Conclusions The DMF coating applied using metal 3D printing is similar to the TPS coating, which is the most common coating process used for bone ingrowth. The DMF method provided an acceptable surface structure and a viable biological surface.

Moreover, this method is automatable and less complex than plasma spraying. Cite this article: T. Shin, D. Lim, Y. Kim, S. Kim, W. Jo, Y. Bone Joint Res ;— DOI: Titanium alloys have been widely used in the aerospace, biomedical and automotive industries because of their good strength-to-weight ratio and superior corrosion resistance.

However, it is very difficult to machine them due to their poor machinability. Other types of tool materials, including ceramic, diamond, and cubic boron nitride CBN , are highly reactive with titanium alloys at higher temperature. However, binder-less CBN BCBN tools, which do not have any binder, sintering agent or catalyst, have a remarkably longer tool life than conventional CBN inserts even at high cutting speeds.

In order to get deeper understanding of high speed machining HSM of titanium alloys , the generation of mathematical models is essential. The models are also needed to predict the machining parameters for HSM. This paper aims to give an overview of recent developments in machining and HSM of titanium alloys , geometrical modeling of HSM, and cutting force models for HSM of titanium alloys.

Artefacts in multimodal imaging of titanium , zirconium and binary titanium -zirconium alloy dental implants: an in vitro study. To analyze and evaluate imaging artefacts induced by zirconium, titanium and titanium -zirconium alloy dental implants. Standard protocols were used for each modality.

For MRI, line-distance profiles were plotted to quantify the accuracy of size determination. While titanium and titanium -zirconium alloy induced extensive signal voids in MRI owing to strong susceptibility, zirconium implants were clearly definable with only minor distortion artefacts. For titanium and titanium -zirconium alloy , the MR signal was attenuated up to In CT, titanium and titanium -zirconium alloy resulted in less streak artefacts in comparison with zirconium.

In CBCT, titanium -zirconium alloy induced more severe artefacts than zirconium and titanium. MRI allows for an excellent image contrast and limited artefacts in patients with zirconium implants. The knowledge about differences of artefacts through different implant materials and image modalities might help support clinical decisions for the choice of implant material or imaging device in the clinical setting.

Low cost methods for titanium structural fabrication using advanced cold-formable beta alloys were investigated for application in a Mach 2. This work focuses on improving processing and structural efficiencies as compared with standard hot formed and riveted construction of alpha-beta alloy sheet structure. Mechanical property data and manufacturing parameters were developed for cold forming, brazing, welding, and processing TiV-3Cr-3Sn-3Al sheet, and Ti-3Al-8V- 6 Cr-4Zr on a more limited basis.

Cost and structural benefits were assessed through the fabrication and evaluation of large structural panels. The feasibility of increasing structural efficiency of beta titanium structure by selective reinforcement with metal matrix composite was also explored. Titanium aluminide intermetallic alloys with improved wear resistance.

The invention is directed to a method for producing a titanium aluminide intermetallic alloy composition having an improved wear resistance, the method comprising heating a titanium aluminide intermetallic alloy material in an oxygen-containing environment at a temperature and for a time sufficient to produce a top oxide layer and underlying oxygen-diffused layer, followed by removal of the top oxide layer such that the oxygen-diffused layer is exposed.

The invention is also directed to the resulting oxygen-diffused titanium aluminide intermetallic alloy , as well as mechanical components or devices containing the improved alloy composition. Characterization of disk-laser dissimilar welding of titanium alloy Ti- 6 Al-4V to aluminum alloy Both technical and economic reasons suggest to join dissimilar metals, benefiting from the specific properties of each material in order to perform flexible design.

Adhesive bonding and mechanical joining have been traditionally used although adhesives fail to be effective in high-temperature environments and mechanical joining are not adequate for leak-tight joints. Friction stir welding is a valid alternative, even being difficult to perform for specific joint geometries and thin plates. The attention has therefore been shifted to laser welding.

Interest has been shown in welding titanium to aluminum, especially in the aviation industry, in order to benefit from both corrosive resistance and strength properties of the former, and low weight and cost of the latter. Titanium alloy Ti- 6 Al-4V and aluminum alloy are considered in this work, being them among the most common ones in aerospace and automotive industries.

Laser welding is thought to be particularly useful in reducing the heat affected zones and providing deep penetrative beads. Nevertheless, many challenges arise in welding dissimilar metals and the aim is further complicated considering the specific features of the alloys in exam, being them susceptible to oxidation on the upper surface and porosity formation in the fused zone.

As many variables are involved, a systematic approach is used to perform the process and to characterize the beads referring to their shape and mechanical features, since a mixture of phases and structures is formed in the fused zone after recrystallization. This paper presents a methodology for the analysis of low temperature creep of titanium alloys in order to establish design limitations due to the effect of creep.

The creep data on a titanium Ti- 6 Al-2Cb-1Ta A creep equation is formulated to determine the allowable stresses so that creep at ambient temperatures can be kept within an acceptable limit during the service life of engineering structures or instruments. Microcreep which is important to design of precision instruments is included in the discussion also.

Aeronautical Industry Requirements for Titanium Alloys. The project presents the requirements imposed for aviation components made from Titanium based alloys. A significant portion of the aircraft pylons are manufactured from Titanium alloys. Strength, weight, and reliability are the primary factors to consider in aircraft structures. These factors determine the requirements to be met by any material used to construct or repair the aircraft.

Many forces and structural stresses act on an aircraft when it is flying and when it is static and this thesis describes environmental factors, conditions of external aggression, mechanical characteristics and loadings that must be satisfied simultaneously by a Ti-based alloy , compared to other classes of aviation alloys as egg. Inconel super alloys , Aluminum alloys.

For this alloy class, the requirements are regarding strength to weight ratio, reliability, corrosion resistance, thermal expansion and so on. These characteristics additionally continue to provide new opportunities for advanced manufacturing methods.

Deformation of single and multiple laser peened TC 6 titanium alloy. The laser power densities of 3, 6 and 9 GW cm-2 were used to peen the samples. Samples were also peened multiple times 1, 3 and 5 passes at 6 GW cm A similar trend was observed from the residual stress analysis of the samples. A study of cumulative fatigue damage in titanium 6 Al-4V alloy.

Experimental data were obtained using titanium 6 Al-4V alloy under stress ratios of -1, 0, and negative infinity. A study of cumulative fatigue damage using Miner's and Kramer's equations for stress ratios of -1 and 0 for low-high, low-high mixed, high-low, and high-low mixed stress sequences has revealed close agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of fatigue damage and fatigue life.

Kramer's equation predicts less conservative and more realistic cumulative fatigue damage than does the popularly used Miner's rule. Cytocompatibility of a free machining titanium alloy containing lanthanum. Titanium alloys like Ti 6 Al4V are widely used in medical engineering. However, the mechanical and chemical properties of titanium alloys lead to poor machinability, resulting in high production costs of medical products.

To improve the machinability of Ti 6 Al4V, 0. The microstructure, the mechanical, and the corrosion properties were determined. Lanthanum containing alloys exhibited discrete particles of cubic lanthanum. The mechanical properties and corrosion resistance were slightly decreased but are still sufficient for many applications in the field of medical engineering.

In vitro experiments with mouse macrophages RAW The viability of cells cultured on disks of the materials showed no differences between the reference and the lanthanum containing alloy. We therefore propose that lanthanum containing alloy appears to be a good alternative for biomedical applications, where machining of parts is necessary.

Spark plasma sintering synthesis of porous nanocrystalline titanium alloys for biomedical applications. The reason for the extended use of titanium and its alloys as implant biomaterials stems from their lower elastic modulus, their superior biocompatibility and improved corrosion resistance compared to the more conventional stainless steel and cobalt-based alloys [Niinomi, M.

Material characteristics and biocompatibility of low rigidity titanium alloys for biomedical applications. In: Jaszemski, M. Marcel Dekker Inc. Nanostructured titanium -based biomaterials with tailored porosity are important for cell-adhesion, viability, differentiation and growth.

Newer technologies like foaming or low-density core processing were recently used for the surface modification of titanium alloy implant bodies to stimulate bone in-growth and improve osseointegration and cell-adhesion, which in turn play a key role in the acceptance of the implants. We here report preliminary results concerning the synthesis of mesoporous titanium alloy bodies by spark plasma sintering.

Cellular interactions with the porous titanium alloy surfaces were tested with osteoblast-like human MG cells. Cell morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy SEM. The SEM analysis results were correlated with the alloy chemistry and the topographic features of the surface, namely porosity and roughness. Dynamic mechanical properties of straight titanium alloy arch wires.

Eight straight-wire materials were studied: an orthodontic titanium -molybdenum Ti-Mo product, TMA; three orthodontic nickel- titanium Ni-Ti products, Nitinol, Titanal, and Orthonol; three prototype alloys , a martensitic, an austenitic, and a biphasic alloy ; and a hybrid shape-memory-effect product, Biometal. Each wire was prepared with a length-to-cross-sectional area of at least cm From the data base, plots of the log storage modulus, log tan delta, and percent change in length vs.

Results showed that the dynamic mechanical properties of the alloys within this TI system are quite different. The three cold-worked alloys --Nitinol, Titanal, and Orthonol--appeared to be similar, having a modulus of 5. Among the Ni-Ti wires tested, several different types of alloys were represented by this intermetallic material.

Cutting efficiency of air-turbine burs on cast titanium and dental casting alloys. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cutting efficiency of air-turbine burs on cast free-machining titanium alloy DT2F and to compare the results with those for cast commercially pure CP Ti, Ti- 6 Al-4V alloy , and dental casting alloys.

The cutting efficiency of each bur was evaluated as volume loss calculated from the weight loss cut for 5 s and the density of each metal. The bulk microhardness was measured to correlate the machinability and the hardness of each metal. The amounts of DT2F cut with the carbide burs were significantly p titanium specimens at either or kPa.

The diamond points exhibited similar machining efficiency among all metals except for Type IV gold alloy. The results of this study indicated that a free-machining titanium alloy DT2F exhibited better machinability compared to CP Ti and Ti- 6 Al-4V alloy when using carbide fissure burs. When machining cast CP Ti and its alloys , carbide fissure burs possessed a greater machining efficiency than the diamond points and are recommended for titanium dental prostheses.

Electroplating on titanium alloy. Activation process forms adherent electrodeposits of copper, nickel, and chromium on titanium alloy. Good adhesion of electroplated deposits is obtained by using acetic-hydrofluoric acid anodic activation process. Titanium alloy Ti- 6 Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2CrSi hereafter designated Ti- 6 S is an alpha-beta titanium alloy developed for deep hardenability, high strength, intermediate temperature creep resistance, and moderate toughness.

As a potential structural material for next-generation aircraft and aerospace systems, the weldability of Ti- 6 S has recently become a subject of increasing importance and concern. In the welding of titanium sheet, achieving satisfactory ductility is the principal limitation to alloy weldability, with poor ductility promoted by a coarse beta grain structure in the weld fusion and near-heat-affected zones.

Square-butt welds were produced in 1. Three-point bend and tensile tests were performed on transverse-weld and longitudinal-weld oriented specimens. Microstructure analysis of the laser welds revealed a fine, columnar fusion zone beta grain macrostructure and a fully-martensitic transformed-beta microstructure.

Consistent with the microstructural similarities, fusion zone hardnesses of the laser welds were comparable and DPG, respectively and greater than that of the base metal DPH. In general, laser welds did not exhibit markedly superior ductilities relative to the GTAW, which was attributed to differences in the nature of the intragranular transformed-beta microstructures, being coarser and softer for the GTAW, the response of these as-welded microstructures to heat treatment, and interactions between the transformed-beta microstructure and the beta grain macrostructure.

In this report the results of a program designed to reduce the density of titanium by adding magnesium are presented. Because these two elements are immiscible under conventional ingot metallurgy techniques, two specialized powder metallurgy methods namely, mechanical alloying MA and physical vapor deposition PVD were implemented.

Since titanium is reactive with interstitial elements, a secondary goal of this research was to correlate solubility extensions with interstitial contamination content, especially oxygen and nitrogen. MA was carried out in SPEX shaker mils and different milling containers were utilized to control the level of contamination.

Results showed that solubilities of Mg in Ti were obtained up to 28 at. Contamination of oxygen and nitrogen seemed to increase the solubility of magnesium in titanium in some cases; however, we were not able to make a clear correlation between contamination levels with solubilities.

Work at the DRA has emphasized optimization of present PVD equipment, specifically composition and temperature control. Preliminary PVD data has shown Ti-Mg deposits have successfully been made up to 2 mm thick and that solubility extensions were achieved. The potential for density reduction of titanium by alloying with magnesium has been demonstrated; however, this work has only scratched the surface of the development of such low density alloys.

Much research is needed before such alloys could be implemented into industry. Materials data handbook. Titanium 6 Al-4V. A summary of the materials property information for Titanium 6 Al-4V alloy is presented. The scope of the information includes physical and mechanical properties at cryogenic, ambient, and elevated temperatures. Information on material procurement, metallurgy of the alloy , corrosion, environmental effects, fabrication, and bonding is developed.

Investigation of plasma arc welding as a method for the additive manufacturing of titanium - 6 aluminum- 4 vanadium alloy components. The process of producing near net-shape components by material deposition is known as additive manufacturing. All additive manufacturing processes are based on the addition of material with the main driving forces being cost reduction and flexibility in both manufacturing and product design.

With wire metal deposition, metal is deposited as beads side-by-side and layer-by-layer in a desired pattern to build a complete component or add features on a part. There are minimal waste products, low consumables, and an efficient use of energy and feedstock associated with additive manufacturing processes.

Titanium and titanium alloys are useful engineering materials that possess an extraordinary combination of properties.